December 4, 2024
Fluoride — Harmful or Not? The Role of Fluoride in Dental Disease Prevention
Fluoride is a chemical element commonly used in oral hygiene products such as toothpastes, mouthwashes and gels for caries prevention. Fluoride strengthens enamel and prevents its demineralisation. Although fluoride is often discussed in terms of its positive effects on teeth, it also has opponents who claim that it could be harmful to health. In this article, we will therefore take a look at the role of fluoride in dental disease prevention, as well as answer the question of whether fluoride is safe for health. Read on and find out!
Fluoride—Dental Disease Prevention
Fluorine is a non-metal that belongs to the group of fluorides and is highly reactive. In nature, it occurs mainly in the form of chemical compounds such as fluoride, which can be found, among others, in the earth’s crust and surface waters. Fluoride’s main property is to protect teeth against the development of caries. By strengthening the mineral structure of the enamel, fluoride makes teeth more resistant to the acids produced by the carious bacteria present in the mouth. These acids are mainly formed during the decomposition of sugars contained in food and gradually damage the surface of the teeth, resulting in the demineralisation of the enamel and the formation of cavities. Fluoride supports the remineralisation process, i.e. the rebuilding of damaged enamel, by increasing its hardness and resistance to harmful agents. It also has an antibacterial effect, inhibiting the growth of bacteria responsible for the formation of caries. This process occurs through the deposition of fluoride ions on the tooth enamel. In this way, an additional, protective mineral layer is created. As a result, fluoride significantly reduces the risk of caries development, having a positive effect on overall oral health. For this reason, dentists recommend that their patients purchase toothpastes and mouthwashes that contain this ingredient. The use of these products is particularly recommended for people who are at increased risk of caries.
Can Fluoride Be Harmful?
Fluoride is essential for the normal development and structure of the skeleton and teeth. When used in the right doses, it is safe and poses no health risks. However, in certain situations, it can harm health. One of the main problems associated with excessive fluoride ingestion is fluorosis, i.e. damage to tooth enamel. It is the result of excessive fluoride absorption in the period of enamel formation. The main symptoms of fluorosis include: the appearance of white and brown spots on the teeth. In advanced cases, it can weaken the structure of the enamel. Excess fluoride can also lead to impaired bone metabolism and abnormal collagen synthesis. Bones may become more brittle and, usually, joint pain and reduced joint mobility also occur. Fluoride poisoning also results in disturbances of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus metabolism.
Safe Doses of Fluoride
A safe daily intake of fluoride has been determined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and is approximately 3 mg per day for an adult. Using the right amount of fluoride, as recommended, minimises the risk of fluorosis and other potential side effects while providing effective caries prevention. Healthy sources of fluoride include tea, cereal products, sea fish, nuts and potatoes. It also enters the body if you use toothpaste with fluoride such as sodium fluoride or monofluorophosphate. The uptake of fluoride from toothpaste is virtually complete, compared to around 90% from water and around 50% from food.
Fluoride Toothpaste—Is It Safe?
It should be emphasised that the daily amounts of fluoride supplied to the body through water or absorbed from toothpaste are safe doses that do not adversely affect the human body. The concentration of fluoride in a packet of toothpaste is around 2.2 mg, so it is not physically possible for it to cause harm and become a cause of fluorosis. It is therefore advisable not to give up the use of fluoride toothpaste, as it helps to avoid excessive caries development.
Summary
Fluoride is a common element found in drinking water and the vast majority of toothpastes on the market. It inhibits the demineralisation of enamel and contributes to remineralisation, i.e. the restoration of the damaged enamel surface. Fluoride significantly reduces the risk of carries and thus reduces tooth decay. Although in excess it can damage health, the amount that is contained in toothpaste or drinking water is not capable of harming your health by causing fluorosis.
